India, Chadar

In 1990 when I read the book "Two winters in Zanskar" by O. Föllmi I could not think, even imagine going to Chadar on day. Chadar (or Tchadar) is the name of the frozen Zanskar river. A Chadar-Pa ("that of Chadar") is a person who does this journey, outward and back. It is the winter way of communication between the Zanskar valley and the Indus valley. It is used by any Zanskar-Pa who goes to Leh for his business. It is also the only way to carry the saw log which cannot be carried through the passes, even in summer. The children use it to go to boarding schools in Leh.

Chadar was visited in 2002, from January 26 to February 20. After a Air France flight, the arrival at Delhi was on time. The short night was spent sleeping on the floor of the domestic airport on standby to take the Jet Airways flight to Leh. This flight enabled us to admire the Himalayas in winter seen from the sky.

The presentation of Zanskar was made at the time of the report of the " Large crossing of Zanskar " The road follows the frozen Zanskar river to its junction with the Indus at Nimo in deep and narrow gorges where the sun always does not penetrate.

This trek proposed to discover the life on the frozen river, in this six months per annum isolated area and in two monasteries. The way is reversed compared to Zanskar-Pa, we took it from Leh to Karsha and returned by the same way.

The report in six tables is accompanied by six topics concerning the trek and life in winter in Zanskar valley. General comments are given by the presentation of the Indian subcontinent, India.

The frozen river

Lama Angchup

The trekkers

On the river

The support team:
The group of four trekkers was accompanied by a French guide of the selected tour operator. From Chiling, the local crew is composed of a guide, a Lama of the Karsha monastery, and seven Zanskar-Pa as porters of the group luggage, of food for the duration of the trek and pharmacy.

 

 

Chiling, village 3,550m high, was the starting point of the trek after a three-hour transfer by bus. This village produces the brass and copper utensils sold at the market of Leh. We will find there, on eighteen days later, the bus for the return to Leh.

After a snack close to the three Chortens, we went down on the river to take our first steps on the ice. This first initiation walk was short, four hours. This three-day phase was marked by a blocking of the group progression due to the thawing river that meant no walking on the ice, Levitation was not possible in spite of our guide, Lama of Karsha monastery.


The following day, in the early morning to benefit from the freezing of the night, we were able to cross the passage of the day before. However, freezing was not sufficient, it was necessary to take off shoes to walk in partially frozen water. The effect on the group was biting!
I fell into the water with my camera which was covered with a fine layer of ice. Indeed under water there was a second layer of ice.


Walking on the river was cut by pauses, every two hours, to eat and drink something hot. A walk day duration depended on the localization of the cave chosen by the Lama for the night and of the hazards met, it varied from 4 to 8 hours of walk.
After a three-day walk on the river we left it to go to the Lingshed monastery. The progress was made by going up a splendid canyon to the village of Skiupatta, 4,000 m high, completely isolated in winter. The continuation by the Skiupatta pass, 4,400 m high, in snowfields and by a foggy day enabled us to reach the monastery.

Lingshed

The collective material:
The collective material was reduced to its minimum, it did not have anything, except food, kitchen utensils, a pharmacy.
The nights passed in caves, more precisely under a kind of hood, or under the stars. The night temperature was on average of -20°C close to the campfire.

 

Lingshed, +3,800 m high, built on the hillside in the 15th century. The monks of the monastery welcomed us with tea salted with yak butter. We met young monks chanting psalms read on paper strips. The temperature was sepulchral, but very fortunately the classroom giving on the due south valley was heated by the sun.

About 1,000 inhabitants live isolated in autarky all the winter in this pretty valley. The night was spent in a very beautiful farm, well heated, which enabled me to finish the drying of the camera which started again without problem.

A cave

Lingshed


The return on the river was made by a small steep sided valley passing through pretty canyons. The junction with the Zanskar river was a climb on slipping rocks, because the junction, insufficiently frozen, did not support the weight of the trekkers and the porters.
Traffic on the river _it was not Paris on a day of strike of public transport_ made it possible to appreciate the utility of this communication road between the two valleys. The meetings on the river were mostly Zanskar-Pa carrying goods to sell at the Leh market. We saw rafters of frames towed on the river.
Meeting Zanskar-Pa was always an exceptional moment of exchange of information, in particular on the state of the river, punctuated by Djulé, Djulé !

The Zanskar valley

On the slope

Pidmo

Tongde

Individual material:
It was adapted to the specific conditions of this trek beyond norms. Canadian Boots with overbots equipped with small tungsten crampons, clothing system of three layers, gloves and hat for low temperatures, sleeping bag for extreme temperatures and a pair of slippers for the bivouac evening during the drying of the boots.
I never was cold. On the other hand, one should not hesitate to cover oneself at the time of the passages in the shade. The amplitude of diurnal temperatures is very important between sunny parts, of 0°C with +5°C and the parts in the shade, of -5°C with -10°C.
 

Pidmo, a village 3,500 m high, was reached after two days and a half of walk on the river,  we left the gorges. From there we were in the Zanskar valley, we progressed on the mainland and slept in splendid farms.

Zangla, the capital 3,500 m high, was at the junction of a river with Zanskar. A very beautiful ruin of the royal fortress of the 15th century is visible on a rock peak.

 


Tongde, a village and monastery 3,500 m high. The monastery is perched on a hill dominating the plain of Padum. It is said to have been built by the Tibetan Master Marpa in the 11th century, paintings testify.


The sight of the plain of Padum covered with snow from the monastery of Tongde was sumptuous. It was possible to see the Karsha monastery on mountainside of the other side of the valley.
Three-day of walk in the Zanskar valley were necessary to reach the Karsha monastery. Tiredness was felt in the group, a rest in the monastery will be the occasion to recover one's health for the return.

Karsha

Monastic life:
The Karsha monastery was the occasion to get exposed to monastic life in winter and to share the meal of the monks, rice, vegetables, salted tea mixed with tsampa.
We stayed two nights in the house of the Lama who was our guide. The rooms were built in the house belonging to the family of the Lama. Let us recall that the Tibetan society is polyandric, the elder son gets married, the other brothers settle abroad, become monks, or remain on the farm and marry the wife of their elder brother. The family provides for maintenance of its members in the monastery.

Karsha, built in the 15th century with buildings of the 11th, dominates the Zanskar valley with its imposing mass on mountainside.
During our stay we attended several meetings of the monks in prayer under their heavy greatcoat of red wool regularly drinking bowls of salted tea with yak butter mixed with roasted barley flour, Tsampa.
In the cell of the Lama our guide we attended a concert of Tibetan horns and conches. The Lama is served by a young monk who carries out domestic tasks.
We were invited the day before of our departure by a cousin we listened to Tibetan songs  interpreted by the girls of the house wearing splendid Perak covered with turquoises.

Karsha

Karsha


The part on the mainland of the return way, for me, was made on horseback, led alternatively by the Lama and his cousin, Dolma. I had strong bronchitis together with a drastic turista which did not leave me in Leh. It took one day and a half to go from Karsha to Pischu then Pidmo

The Zanskar valley

Pishu

Pidmo

The photographic material:>
I left with me usual material, a reflex camera with two zooms, covering with 20 to 70 mm, a compact one of 35 mm, with the usual equipment in films
The reflex camera fell into water with me und was covered by a fine layer instantaneously from ice. Two days of drying at the campfire allowed it to work again.

Pischu, 3,470 m high, the village is announced by a long wall of mani and chortens. We spent the night in a house belonging to the nunnery of the village. Nunneries are very rare with very few nuns.

 

Pidmo, 3,420 m high, we remained at the village to drink a salted tea with butter and to take again the bags left on leaving. Then we went down on the frozen river.


The descent on the river was started in the sun when we left the mainland of the Zanskar Valley  to enter into the gorges. The return trek took seven-day. It was the occasion to meet Zanskar-Pa returning to the village.
The progress required, for the outward journey as well as for the return, passages on the banks when the river was not frozen enough. These passages had more or less dangerous climbing giving rise to some frights.

The frozen river

Physical preparation, psyche:
It was the flattest trek which we made. The unevenness is between 300 and 400m on the trek from Chiling to the village of Karsha.
No specific physical preparation for this journey, but a mental preparation for living an exceptional trial under conditions at least sometimes difficult.


 

Chiling, the return to the starting point was reached with a feeling relief physical tiredness as well as mental tiredness almost unbearable. Indeed the return appeared long to us with gloomy weather on most of the way except at the end after the junction with the Markha valley.
One day of transition was programmed in Chiling as we waited for the bus. It enabled us to look at the copper, brass utensils makers at work, to take the last photographs of the frozen river and to go on a last walk in this delightful place in the shade of large poplars and mountains covered with snow under a radiant sun.

On the river

Chilling


The discovery of Zanskar in winter is a personal experience as much as an societal experience with the meeting of Tibetan civilization  as we had lived in 1990 at the time of the first journey in Tibet, following in Alexandra David-Neel's footsteps .
This ultimate trek in Ladakh, Zanskar will leave the image of a medieval society in agreement with itself although alive under very difficult material conditions, compared with the Western way of life. But for how long will it still support young Zankar-Pa? Already the exodus towards the cities of India, as civil servants, towards the army are ways out of the roughness of the living conditions in opposition with life shown by the media. The films produced by "Bollywood" are an incentive to settle abroad.
Zanskar-Pa getting warm in the sun against the wall of their houses, children playing in the snow, landscapes of Ladakh, of Zanskar under snow, the quiet vastness of the plain of Zanskar, the gorges of the frozen Zanskar river under various lightings at various hours of the day are as many images which are engraved forever in my memory.
One is not completely the same after Chadar.


The return to France was made, after one night of transit in New Delhi, in an Air France flight with a departure in the middle of night and an arrival in Paris in the middle of the morning the next day.

Neuilly, le 2003/07/05